CHEMISTY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
➱ Drugs : Drugs are the chemical substances of low molecular mas, interact with macromolecular targets and produce a biological response.
➱ Medicines : Drugs which produce a therapeutic and useful response.
➱ Chemotherapy : It is the science in which chemicals are used in the treatment of diseases due to bacterial invasion.These chemicals destroy the micro-organisms without affecting any material extent, the tissues of the host).
➱ Classification of Drugs :
(i) On the basis of pharmacological effect : Most useful for doctors as it provides the whole range of drugs available for the treatment of a particular type of problem. e.g., analgesics have pain killing effect, antiseptics kill or arrest the growth of microorganisms.
(ii) On the basis of drug action : It is based on the action of a drug on a particular biochemical process. e.g., all histamines inhibit the action of the compound histamines, which causes inflammation of the body.
(iii) On the basis of chemical structure : Drugs which have common structural features and often have similar pharmacological activity. e.g., sulphonamides have common structural feature.
➱ Medicines : Drugs which produce a therapeutic and useful response.
➱ Chemotherapy : It is the science in which chemicals are used in the treatment of diseases due to bacterial invasion.These chemicals destroy the micro-organisms without affecting any material extent, the tissues of the host).
➱ Classification of Drugs :
(i) On the basis of pharmacological effect : Most useful for doctors as it provides the whole range of drugs available for the treatment of a particular type of problem. e.g., analgesics have pain killing effect, antiseptics kill or arrest the growth of microorganisms.
(ii) On the basis of drug action : It is based on the action of a drug on a particular biochemical process. e.g., all histamines inhibit the action of the compound histamines, which causes inflammation of the body.
(iii) On the basis of chemical structure : Drugs which have common structural features and often have similar pharmacological activity. e.g., sulphonamides have common structural feature.
➱ Enzymes are the proteins which perform the role of biological catalysts in the body. Carrier proteins carry polar molecules across the cell membrane.
➱ Receptors as drug targets : Proteins that are crucial to body’s communication process are called as receptors. They are embedded in the cell membrane in such a way that their small part possessing active site projects out of the surface of the membrane and opens on the outside region of the cell membrane.
Message between two neurons and that between neurons to muscles is communicated through chemical receptors. To accommodate a messenger, shape of the receptor site changes. This brings about the transfer of message into the cell. Thus, chemical messenger gives message to the cell without entering the cell.
➱ Antagonists : Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonists. These are useful when blocking of message is needed.
➱ Agonists : Drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor are called agonists. These are useful when there is lack of natural chemical messenger.
➱ Types of drugs on the basis of therapeutic action :
(i) Analgesics: These are the medicines which give relief from pain. They are of two types :
(a)Non-narcotic(non addictive) analgesics: Aspirin (2-acetoxy benzoic acid), paracetamol, phenylbutazone or butazolidine etc. are the common examples of this group. Aspirin is the most common analgesic with antipyretic properties. It has also anti-blood clotting action. It also reduces body temperature in fever.
(b) Narcotic analgesics : These are the drugs which produce sleep and unconsciousness e.g., opium, alkaloids like morphine, codeine, heroine (morphine diacetate) etc. These are, however, addictive drugs, hence used in severe pain only.
(ii) Antiseptic : These are the chemicals which prevent the growth of micro-organisms or kill them but are not harmful to human beings. These are applied externally to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts and diseased skin surfaces. Dettol (chloroxylenol + α-terpeneol), bithional, furacin, dilute solution of boric acid are common example of antiseptics.
(iii) Disinfectant : These are chemicals which kill micro-organisms or prevent their growth but are not safe for human beings. These are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage systems. Some substances can act as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant by varying the concentration. For example, 0.2% solution of phenol is an antiseptic while its one percent solution is disinfectant.
(iv) Tranquillizers : It is a group of chemical substances which is used in the treatment of stress, and severe mental stress. These are essential component of sleeping pills and psychotherapeutic drugs.
These are of two types : (a) Barbiturates : (Derivatives of barbituric acid)—These are sleep inducing and hence also called hypnotics. e.g., veronal, amytal, nembutal, luminal and seconal.
(b) Non-hypnotic tranquilizers : Chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate are relatively mild tranquilizers which are used for relieving tension. Equanil is another non hypnotic tranquilizer .
(v) Antimicrobials : These are drugs which are used to cure diseases caused by a variety of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, virus etc. Antibiotic, antiseptic and disinfectants etc. are all antimicrobials.
(vi)Antibiotics : These are the chemical substances (prepared wholly or partially by chemical synthesis) which antibiotic whereas ampicillin and amoxycillin are wide spectrum antibiotic which exerts antimicrobial activity on more than one type of micro-organisms.
(vii) Sulpha drugs : These are derivatives of sulphanilamide. These have antibacterial powers and are used as medicines for various diseases. These are also used as antibiotics. Sulpha drugs used against diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, diptheria, etc. e.g. sulphadiazine, sulphathiazole.
(viii) Antifertility drugs : These are the chemical substances used to control the pregnancy in woman
(b) Non-hypnotic tranquilizers : Chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate are relatively mild tranquilizers which are used for relieving tension. Equanil is another non hypnotic tranquilizer .
(v) Antimicrobials : These are drugs which are used to cure diseases caused by a variety of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, virus etc. Antibiotic, antiseptic and disinfectants etc. are all antimicrobials.
(vi)Antibiotics : These are the chemical substances (prepared wholly or partially by chemical synthesis) which antibiotic whereas ampicillin and amoxycillin are wide spectrum antibiotic which exerts antimicrobial activity on more than one type of micro-organisms.
(vii) Sulpha drugs : These are derivatives of sulphanilamide. These have antibacterial powers and are used as medicines for various diseases. These are also used as antibiotics. Sulpha drugs used against diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, diptheria, etc. e.g. sulphadiazine, sulphathiazole.
(viii) Antifertility drugs : These are the chemical substances used to control the pregnancy in woman
. e.g.,norethindrone and ethinylestradiol etc.
(ix) Antihistamines : These drugs are also called as antiallergy drugs and are used to treat allergy. e.g., skin rashes, conjunctivitis, inflamation of conjuctive of eye, and rhinitis (inflammation of nasal mucosa). e.g., diphenlhydramine, chlorpheniramine.
➱ Antioxidants : These are the other important and necessary food additives. These compounds retard the action of oxygen on the food and thereby help in its preservation. They also reduce the rate of involvement of free radicals in the aging process. e.g., butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy ansiole (BHA) are used as antioxidants.
➱ Antacid : An antacid is a substance that removes the excess of acid and raise the pH of stomach to appropriate level.
The most commonly used antacids are magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate
etc.
➱ Chemicals in food : Chemicals are added to food for various purposes like, for preservation, for enhancing their appeal and for adding nutritive value etc. Some uses are discussed below :
(i) Artificial Sweeteners : These are the chemical compounds which are non-nutritive in nature and used as substituents for sugar in foods and beverages specially soft drinks. Some common artificial sweeteners are :
(a) Saccharin : It is useful as a sugar substitute for diabetic persons and those who need to control their calorie intake.
(b) Aspartame : It is methyl ester of dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenylalanine. Aspartame is used only in cold foods and soft drinks as it is unstable at cooking temperature.
(c) Alitame : It is a high potency sweetener. The control of sweetness of food is difficult while using alitame.
(d) Sucrolose : It is trichloro derivative of sucrose. It is stable at cooking temperature.
➱ Food preservatives : Food preservatives are the substances which are capable of inhibiting or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification of the food. e.g., sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulphite.
➱ Soaps : Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids and are prepared by a process called saponification, in which fat reacts with alkali.
➱ Synthetic detergent : These are soapless soap and are of three types :
(a) Anionic detergents : These are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. e.g., sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate these are used in toothpaste and household works.
(ix) Antihistamines : These drugs are also called as antiallergy drugs and are used to treat allergy. e.g., skin rashes, conjunctivitis, inflamation of conjuctive of eye, and rhinitis (inflammation of nasal mucosa). e.g., diphenlhydramine, chlorpheniramine.
➱ Antioxidants : These are the other important and necessary food additives. These compounds retard the action of oxygen on the food and thereby help in its preservation. They also reduce the rate of involvement of free radicals in the aging process. e.g., butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy ansiole (BHA) are used as antioxidants.
➱ Antacid : An antacid is a substance that removes the excess of acid and raise the pH of stomach to appropriate level.
The most commonly used antacids are magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate
etc.
➱ Chemicals in food : Chemicals are added to food for various purposes like, for preservation, for enhancing their appeal and for adding nutritive value etc. Some uses are discussed below :
(i) Artificial Sweeteners : These are the chemical compounds which are non-nutritive in nature and used as substituents for sugar in foods and beverages specially soft drinks. Some common artificial sweeteners are :
(a) Saccharin : It is useful as a sugar substitute for diabetic persons and those who need to control their calorie intake.
(b) Aspartame : It is methyl ester of dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenylalanine. Aspartame is used only in cold foods and soft drinks as it is unstable at cooking temperature.
(c) Alitame : It is a high potency sweetener. The control of sweetness of food is difficult while using alitame.
(d) Sucrolose : It is trichloro derivative of sucrose. It is stable at cooking temperature.
➱ Food preservatives : Food preservatives are the substances which are capable of inhibiting or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification of the food. e.g., sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulphite.
➱ Soaps : Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids and are prepared by a process called saponification, in which fat reacts with alkali.
➱ Synthetic detergent : These are soapless soap and are of three types :
(a) Anionic detergents : These are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. e.g., sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate these are used in toothpaste and household works.
➤ Saponification : The process of manufacturing soap by the hydrolysis of oils and fats with aqueous alkalis.
(b) Cationic detergents : These are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides e.g., cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and are expensive. These have germicidal property and are expensive.
(c) Non-ionic detergents : They do not contain any ion in their constitution. e.g., liquid dishwash detergents.
(b) Cationic detergents : These are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides e.g., cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and are expensive. These have germicidal property and are expensive.
(c) Non-ionic detergents : They do not contain any ion in their constitution. e.g., liquid dishwash detergents.
Biodegradable and non-biodegradable detergents : Detergents which contain straight chain hydrocarbons are biodegradable. On the other hand, detergents which have branched chain hydrocarbons are non-biodegradable and this leads to enviromental pollution.
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