Questions and Answers Gr 13-18 Non-Metals

Boron (B) - Preparation and Properties

1. What is the atomic number of Boron and what is its electronic configuration

Z = 5, 1s²2s²2px¹

2. What are the main ores of Boron?

Borax, Kernite, Colemanite and Orthoboric acid.

3. What are the methods of obtaining Boron?

1. By the reduction of boric oxide y an electropositive metal like magnesium.
2. By the reductin of volatile boron compounds by dihydrogen at high temperatures (1270K).
3. By the electrolytic reduction of fused borates or other boron compounds (e.g., KBF-4, potasium tetrafluoroborate) in molten KCL/KF at 1073K.
4. By the thermal decomposition of boron tri-iodided over red hot tungsten.
5. By thermal decomposition of boron hydrides and boron halides at about 1173K.

Organic Nitrogen Compounds Amines Conceptual Questions and Answers

1. What are amines?
Amines are regarded as derivatives of ammonia in which one, two or all three hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl group.

2. Amines are derivatives of ammonia . 

3. What are quaternary ammonium compounds?
These are compounds which are regarded as derivatives of ammonium salts in which all the four H-atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups.

4. What are the various classifications of amines?
In one classification, Amines are classified into two categories: Aliphatic amines and aromatic amines.

Carboxylic Acids - Conceptual Questions - Answers

1. What are carboxylic acids?
Carboxylic acids are the compounds containing the carboxyl group in their molecules.
C=O
|
OH

The carboxyl group is made up of carbonyl, -C=O and hodroxyl, -OH group.

2.. What is the common system of nomenclature of carboxylic acids?

The common names of carboxylic acids are based on their source of origin. Formic acid was first obtained from red ants (Latin formica means red ants) and it was named from that. Acetic acid was obtained from vinegar (Latin aceum means vinegar) and so got that name.

In the common system the position of substituents is indicated by the Greek letters α, β, γ, ō.

α, β, γ, ō Carbon atoms

The carbon atom next to the carboxyl carbon is assigned the letter α. The carbon next to α-carbon is the β-carbon. The carbon next to β-carbon is the γ-carbon. The carbon next to γ-carbon is the ō Carbon.

ō-γ-β-α carbons
C-C-C-C-COOH

3. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of carboxylic acids?
According to IUPAC system, the name of the monocarboxylic acid is derived by changing the final 'e' from the name of the corresponding hydrocarbon with 'oic' and adding the word acid.

Formic acid - Methanoic acid
Acetic acid - Ethanoic acid
n-Butyric acid - Butanoic acid
Isobutyric acid - 2-Mehtylpropanoic acid

Dicarboxylic acids

Alcohols - Conceptual Questions - Answers

1. What are alcohols?
The hydroxy derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons are termed alcohols. They contain one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups.

2. What are phenols?
Phenols are organic compounds that have hydroxyl (-OH) group bonded to the aromatic rings.

3. Alcohols are organic compounds obtained by replacing hydrogen atom or atoms from aliphatic hydrocarbons by hydroxyl group or groups. 

4. Alcohols contain hydroxyl group.

5. What are mono, di-, and trihydric alcohols?
Monohydric alcohols contain one hydroxyl group.
Dihydric alcohols contain two hydroxyl groups.
Trihydric alcohols contain thee hydroxyl groups.